research Study References

A complete list of scientific research studies supporting the trainings from the Keto Results Challenge Days 1 to 4.

Day 1 - Subtract Fat with the Ketogenic Diet

Barras, Michael, and Amy Legg. “Drug Dosing in Obese Adults.” Australian Prescriber 40, no. 5 (October 2017): 189–93. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2017.053.

C. Harvey, Cliff J. d, Grant M. Schofield, Micalla Williden, and Joseph A. McQuillan. “The Effect of Medium Chain Triglycerides on Time to Nutritional Ketosis and Symptoms of Keto-Induction in Healthy Adults: A Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial.” Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2630565.

Cunnane, Stephen C., Alexandre Courchesne-Loyer, Camille Vandenberghe, Valérie St-Pierre, Mélanie Fortier, Marie Hennebelle, Etienne Croteau, Christian Bocti, Tamas Fulop, and Christian-Alexandre Castellano. “Can Ketones Help Rescue Brain Fuel Supply in Later Life? Implications for Cognitive Health during Aging and the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease.” Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 9 (July 8, 2016). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2016.00053.

Delft, Renske van, Danielle Lambrechts, Pauline Verschuure, Jacques Hulsman, and Marian Majoie. “Blood Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Correlates Better with Seizure Reduction Due to Ketogenic Diet than Do Ketones in the Urine.” Seizure 19, no. 1 (January 2010): 36–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2009.10.009.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Accessed September 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.17226/5776.

Durrer, Cody, Nia Lewis, Zhongxiao Wan, Philip N. Ainslie, Nathan T. Jenkins, and Jonathan P. Little. “Short-Term Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet in Healthy Young Males Renders the Endothelium Susceptible to Hyperglycemia-Induced Damage, An Exploratory Analysis.” Nutrients 11, no. 3 (March 2019): 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030489.

Fernández-Elías, Valentín E., Juan F. Ortega, Rachael K. Nelson, and Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez. “Relationship between Muscle Water and Glycogen Recovery after Prolonged Exercise in the Heat in Humans.” European Journal of Applied Physiology 115, no. 9 (September 2015): 1919–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3175-z.

Foster, Gary D., Holly R. Wyatt, James O. Hill, Angela P. Makris, Diane L. Rosenbaum, Carrie Brill, Richard I. Stein, et al. “Weight and Metabolic Outcomes After 2 Years on a Low-Carbohydrate Versus Low-Fat Diet.” Annals of Internal Medicine 153, no. 3 (August 3, 2010): 147–57. https://doi.org/10.1059/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00005.

Fujita, Y., A. M. Gott o, and R. H. Unger. “Basal and Postprotein Insulin and Glucagon Levels during a High and Low Carbohydrate Intake and Their Relationships to Plasma Triglycerides.” Diabetes 24, no. 6 (June 1975): 552–58. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.24.6.552.

Fukao, Toshiyuki, Gary D. Lopaschuk, and Grant A. Mitchell. “Pathways and Control of Ketone Body Metabolism: On the Fringe of Lipid Biochemistry.” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, Metabolic and Health Implications of Moderate Ketosis and the Ket ogenic Diet, 70, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 243–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2003.11.001.

Gibson, A. A., R. V. Seimon, C. M. Y. Lee, J. Ayre, J. Franklin, T. P. Markovic, I. D. Caterson, and A. Sainsbury. “Do Ketogenic Diets Really Suppress Appetite? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 16, no. 1 (January 2015): 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12230.

Goldberg, Emily L., Jennifer L. Asher, Ryan D. Molony, Albert C. Shaw, Caroline J. Zeiss, Chao Wang, Ludmilla A. Morozova-Roche, Raimund I. Herzog, Akiko Iwasaki, and Vishwa Deep Dixit. “β-Hydroxybutyrate Deactivates Neutrophil NLRP3 Inflammasome to Relieve Gout Flares.” Cell Reports 18, no. 9 (February 28, 2017): 2077–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.004.

Harber, Matthew P., Simon Schenk, Ariel L. Barkan, and Jeffrey F. Horowitz. “Alterations in Carbohydrate Metabolism in Response to Short-Term Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction.” American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 289, no. 2 (August 2005): E306–12. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00069.2005.

Holbrook, J. T., K. Y. Patterson, J. E. Bodner, L. W. Douglas, C. Veillon, J. L. Kelsay, W. Mertz, and J. C. Smith. “Sodium and Potassium Intake and Balance in Adults Consuming Self-Selected Diets.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 40, no. 4 (October 1984): 786–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/40.4.786.

Lowery, Ryan P., Jacob M. Wilson, Andrew Barninger, Matthew H. Sharp, Christopher Irvin, Matthew Stefan, William A. Wallace, Gabriel J. Wilson, Michael D. Roberts, and Ronald Wagner. “Corrigendum: The Effects of Soluble Corn Fibre and Isomaltooligosaccharides on Blood Glucose, Insulin, Digestion and Fermentation in Healthy Young Males and Females.” Journal of Insulin Resistance 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 1. https://doi.org/10.4102/jir.v3i1.35.

Maagoe, H. “Changes in Blood Volume during Absolute Fasting with and without Sodium Chloride Administration.” Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 17, no. 2 (February 1968): 133–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(68)90139-x.

Manhiani, M. Marlina, Michael T. Cormican, and Michael W. Brands. “Chronic Sodium-Retaining Action of Insulin in Diabetic Dogs.” American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 300, no. 4 (April 2011): F957-965. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00395.2010.

McCarron, Margaret M., and Ben J. Devine. “Clinical Pharmacy: Case Studies: Case Number 25 Gentamicin Therapy.” Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy, 1974. https://doi.org/10.1177/106002807400801104.

Meidenbauer, Joshua J, Purna Mukherjee, and Thomas N Seyfried. “The Glucose Ketone Index Calculator: A Simple Tool to Monitor Therapeutic Efficacy for Metabolic Management of Brain Cancer.” Nutrition & Metabolism 12, no. 1 (2015): 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-015-0009-2.

Morgan, L. M., B. A. Griffin, D. J. Millward, A. DeLooy, K. R. Fox, S. Baic, M. P. Bonham, et al. “Comparison of the Effects of Four Commercially Available Weight-Loss Programmes on Lipid-Based Cardiovascular Risk Factors.” Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 6 (June 2009): 799–807. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980008003236.

Musa-Veloso, Kathy, Sergei S. Likhodii, and Stephen C. Cunnane. “Breath Acetone Is a Reliable Indicator of Ketosis in Adults Consuming Ketogenic Meals.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76, no. 1 (July 2002): 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.1.65.

Nguyen, N. U., G. Dumoulin, M. T. Henriet, S. Berthelay, and J. Regnard. “Carbohydrate Metabolism and Urinary Excretion of Calcium and Oxalate after Ingestion of Polyol Sweeteners.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 77, no. 2 (August 1993): 388–92. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.77.2.8345042.

Nilsson, L. Hson, and E. Hultman. “Liver Glycogen in Man –- the Effect of Total Starvation or a Carbohydrate-Poor Diet Followed by Carbohydrate Refeeding.” Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 32, no. 4 (January 1, 1973): 325–30. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365517309084355.

Norgren, Jakob, Shireen Sindi, Anna Sandebring-Matton, Ingemar Kåreholt, Ulrika Akenine, Karin Nordin, Staffan Rosenborg, Tiia Ngandu, and Miia Kivipelto. “Capillary Blood Tests May Overestimate Ketosis: Triangulation between Three Different Measures of β-Hydroxybutyrate.” American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 318, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): E184–88. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00454.2019.

O’Donnell, Martin, Andrew Mente, Sumathy Rangarajan, Matthew J. McQueen, Xingyu Wang, Lisheng Liu, Hou Yan, et al. “Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Events.” New England Journal of Medicine 371, no. 7 (August 14, 2014): 612–23. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1311889.

Palmer, Biff F. “Regulation of Potassium Homeostasis.” Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 10, no. 6 (June 5, 2015): 1050–60. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.08580813.

Paoli, A, A Rubini, J S Volek, and K A Grimaldi. “Beyond Weight Loss: A Review of the Therapeutic Uses of Very-Low-Carbohydrate (Ketogenic) Diets.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, no. 8 (August 2013): 789–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.116.

Phinney, S. D., B. R. Bistrian, R. R. Wolfe, and G. L. Blackburn. “The Human Metabolic Response to Chronic Ketosis without Caloric Restriction: Physical and Biochemical Adaptation.” Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 32, no. 8 (August 1983): 757–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(83)90105-1.

Riou, J. P., M. Beylot, M. Laville, L. De Parscau, J. Delinger, G. Sautot, and R. Mornex. “Antiketogenic Effect of Glucose per Se in Vivo in Man and in Vitro in Isolated Rat Liver Cells.” Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 35, no. 7 (July 1986): 608–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(86)90165-4.

Schrauwen, P, W D van Marken Lichtenbelt, W H Saris, and K R Westerterp. “Changes in Fat Oxidation in Response to a High-Fat Diet.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): 276–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/66.2.276.

Sumithran, P., L. A. Prendergast, E. Delbridge, K. Purcell, A. Shulkes, A. Kriketos, and J. Proietto. “Ketosis and Appetite-Mediating Nutrients and Hormones after Weight Loss.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, no. 7 (July 2013): 759–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.90.

Thabuis, Clémentine, Bertrand Rodriguez, Tirtha Gala, Anjali Salvi, Meena Parashuraman, Daniel Wils, and Laetitia Guerin-Deremaux. “Evaluation of Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses of Maltitol in Indian Healthy Volunteers.” International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries 35, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 482–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-015-0321-4.

Urbain, Paul, and Hartmut Bertz. “Monitoring for Compliance with a Ketogenic Diet: What Is the Best Time of Day to Test for Urinary Ketosis?” Nutrition & Metabolism 13 (November 4, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-016-0136-4.

Urbain, Paul, Lena Strom, Lena Morawski, Anja Wehrle, Peter Deibert, and Hartmut Bertz. “Impact of a 6-Week Non-Energy-Restricted Ketogenic Diet on Physical Fitness, Body Composition and Biochemical Parameters in Healthy Adults.” Nutrition & Metabolism 14, no. 1 (December 2017): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-017-0175-5.

Wan, Zhongxiao, Cody Durrer, Dorrian Mah, Svetlana Simtchouk, Emily Robinson, and Jonathan P. Little. “Reduction of AMPK Activity and Altered MAPKs Signalling in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Response to Acute Glucose Ingestion Following a Short-Term High Fat Diet in Young Healthy Men.” Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 63, no. 9 (September 2014): 1209–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2014.06.007.

Webster, Christopher C., Timothy D. Noakes, Shaji K. Chacko, Jeroen Swart, Tertius A. Kohn, and James A. H. Smith. “Gluconeogenesis during Endurance Exercise in Cyclists Habituated to a Long-Term Low Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet.” The Journal of Physiology 594, no. 15 (2016): 4389–4405. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP271934.

Wirrell, Elaine C. “Ketogenic Ratio, Calories, and Fluids: Do They Matter?” Epilepsia 49 (November 2008): 17–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01825.x.

Youm, Yun-Hee, Kim Y. Nguyen, Ryan W. Grant, Emily L. Goldberg, Monica Bodogai, Dongin Kim, Dominic D’Agostino, et al. “The Ketone Metabolite β-Hydroxybutyrate Blocks NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Inflammatory Disease.” Nature Medicine 21, no. 3 (March 2015): 263–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3804.

Day 2 - Subtract Fat with Fasting

Barras, Michael, and Amy Legg. “Drug Dosing in Obese Adults.” Australian Prescriber 40, no. 5 (October 2017): 189–93. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2017.053.

Brandhorst, Sebastian, In Young Choi, Min Wei, Chia Wei Cheng, Sargis Sedrakyan, Gerardo Navarrete, Louis Dubeau, et al. “A Periodic Diet That Mimics Fasting Promotes Multi-System Regeneration, Enhanced Cognitive Performance, and Healthspan.” Cell Metabolism 22, no. 1 (July 7, 2015): 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.012.

Catenacci, Victoria A., Zhaoxing Pan, Danielle Ostendorf, Sarah Brannon, Wendolyn S. Gozansky, Mark P. Mattson, Bronwen Martin, Paul S. MacLean, Edward L. Melanson, and William Troy Donahoo. “A Randomized Pilot Study Comparing Zero-Calorie Alternate-Day Fasting to Daily Caloric Restriction in Adults with Obesity.” Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 24, no. 9 (2016): 1874–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21581.

Cienfuegos, Sofia, Kelsey Gabel, Faiza Kalam, Mark Ezpeleta, Eric Wiseman, Vasiliki Pavlou, Shuhao Lin, Manoela Lima Oliveira, and Krista A. Varady. “Effects of 4- and 6-h Time-Restricted Feeding on Weight and Cardiometabolic Health: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Obesity.” Cell Metabolism 0, no. 0 (July 15, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.018.

Corley, B. T., R. W. Carroll, R. M. Hall, M. Weatherall, A. Parry-Strong, and J. D. Krebs. “Intermittent Fasting in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Risk of Hypoglycaemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Diabetic Medicine: A Journal of the British Diabetic Association 35, no. 5 (2018): 588–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13595.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Accessed September 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.17226/5776.

Fothergill, Erin, Juen Guo, Lilian Howard, Jennifer C. Kerns, Nicolas D. Knuth, Robert Brychta, Kong Y. Chen, et al. “Persistent Metabolic Adaptation 6 Years after ‘The Biggest Loser’ Competition.” Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 24, no. 8 (2016): 1612–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21538.

Fukao, Toshiyuki, Gary D. Lopaschuk, and Grant A. Mitchell. “Pathways and Control of Ketone Body Metabolism: On the Fringe of Lipid Biochemistry.” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, Metabolic and Health Implications of Moderate Ketosis and the Ket ogenic Diet, 70, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 243–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2003.11.001.

Gabel, Kelsey, Kristin K. Hoddy, Nicole Haggerty, Jeehee Song, Cynthia M. Kroeger, John F. Trepanowski, Satchidananda Panda, and Krista A. Varady. “Effects of 8-Hour Time Restricted Feeding on Body Weight and Metabolic Disease Risk Factors in Obese Adults: A Pilot Study.” Nutrition and Healthy Aging 4, no. 4 (June 15, 2018): 345–53. https://doi.org/10.3233/NHA-170036.

Gibson, A. A., R. V. Seimon, C. M. Y. Lee, J. Ayre, J. Franklin, T. P. Markovic, I. D. Caterson, and A. Sainsbury. “Do Ketogenic Diets Really Suppress Appetite? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 16, no. 1 (January 2015): 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12230.

Gill, Shubhroz, and Satchidananda Panda. “A Smartphone App Reveals Erratic Diurnal Eating Patterns in Humans That Can Be Modulated for Health Benefits.” Cell Metabolism 22, no. 5 (November 3, 2015): 789–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.005.

Harvie, M. N., M. Pegington, M. P. Mattson, J. Frystyk, B. Dillon, G. Evans, J. Cuzick, et al. “The Effects of Intermittent or Continuous Energy Restriction on Weight Loss and Metabolic Disease Risk Markers: A Randomized Trial in Young Overweight Women.” International Journal of Obesity (2005) 35, no. 5 (May 2011): 714–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.171.

Holbrook, J. T., K. Y. Patterson, J. E. Bodner, L. W. Douglas, C. Veillon, J. L. Kelsay, W. Mertz, and J. C. Smith. “Sodium and Potassium Intake and Balance in Adults Consuming Self-Selected Diets.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 40, no. 4 (October 1984): 786–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/40.4.786.

Johnson, James B., Warren Summer, Roy G. Cutler, Bronwen Martin, Dong-Hoon Hyun, Vishwa D. Dixit, Michelle Pearson, et al. “Alternate Day Calorie Restriction Improves Clinical Findings and Reduces Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Overweight Adults with Moderate Asthma.” Free Radical Biology & Medicine 42, no. 5 (March 1, 2007): 665–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.12.005.

Maagoe, H. “Changes in Blood Volume during Absolute Fasting with and without Sodium Chloride Administration.” Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 17, no. 2 (February 1968): 133–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(68)90139-x.

MacCuish, A. C., J. F. Munro, and L. J. Duncan. “Follow-up Study of Refractory Obesity Treated by Fasting.” British Medical Journal 1, no. 5584 (January 13, 1968): 91–92. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5584.91.

Manhiani, M. Marlina, Michael T. Cormican, and Michael W. Brands. “Chronic Sodium-Retaining Action of Insulin in Diabetic Dogs.” American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 300, no. 4 (April 2011): F957-965. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00395.2010.

Mansell, P. I., I. W. Fellows, and I. A. Macdonald. “Enhanced Thermogenic Response to Epinephrine after 48-h Starvation in Humans.” The American Journal of Physiology 258, no. 1 Pt 2 (January 1990): R87-93. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.1.R87.

McCarron, Margaret M., and Ben J. Devine. “Clinical Pharmacy: Case Studies: Case Number 25 Gentamicin Therapy.” Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy, 1974. https://doi.org/10.1177/106002807400801104.

Musa-Veloso, Kathy, Sergei S. Likhodii, and Stephen C. Cunnane. “Breath Acetone Is a Reliable Indicator of Ketosis in Adults Consuming Ketogenic Meals.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76, no. 1 (July 2002): 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.1.65.

Nair, K. S., P. D. Woolf, S. L. Welle, and D. E. Matthews. “Leucine, Glucose, and Energy Metabolism after 3 Days of Fasting in Healthy Human Subjects.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, no. 4 (October 1987): 557–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/46.4.557.

Natalucci, G., S. Riedl, A. Gleiss, T. Zidek, and H. Frisch. “Spontaneous 24-h Ghrelin Secretion Pattern in Fasting Subjects: Maintenance of a Meal-Related Pattern.” European Journal of Endocrinology 152, no. 6 (June 2005): 845–50. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.01919.

O’Donnell, Martin, Andrew Mente, Sumathy Rangarajan, Matthew J. McQueen, Xingyu Wang, Lisheng Liu, Hou Yan, et al. “Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Events.” New England Journal of Medicine 371, no. 7 (August 14, 2014): 612–23. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1311889.

Palmer, Biff F. “Regulation of Potassium Homeostasis.” Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 10, no. 6 (June 5, 2015): 1050–60. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.08580813.

Patterson, Ruth E., and Dorothy D. Sears. “Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting.” Annual Review of Nutrition 37 (21 2017): 371–93. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064634.

Riou, J. P., M. Beylot, M. Laville, L. De Parscau, J. Delinger, G. Sautot, and R. Mornex. “Antiketogenic Effect of Glucose per Se in Vivo in Man and in Vitro in Isolated Rat Liver Cells.” Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 35, no. 7 (July 1986): 608–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(86)90165-4.

Stekovic, Slaven, Sebastian J. Hofer, Norbert Tripolt, Miguel A. Aon, Philipp Royer, Lukas Pein, Julia T. Stadler, et al. “Alternate Day Fasting Improves Physiological and Molecular Markers of Aging in Healthy, Non-Obese Humans.” Cell Metabolism 0, no. 0 (August 27, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.016.

Wei, Min, Sebastian Brandhorst, Mahshid Shelehchi, Hamed Mirzaei, Chia Wei Cheng, Julia Budniak, Susan Groshen, et al. “Fasting-Mimicking Diet and Markers/Risk Factors for Aging, Diabetes, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Disease.” Science Translational Medicine 9, no. 377 (February 15, 2017): eaai8700. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aai8700.

Day 3 - Subtract Fat with Exogenous Ketones

Cahill, G. F., M. G. Herrera, A. P. Morgan, J. S. Soeldner, J. Steinke, P. L. Levy, G. A. Reichard, and D. M. Kipnis. “Hormone-Fuel Interrelationships during Fasting.” The Journal of Clinical Investigation 45, no. 11 (November 1966): 1751–69. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI105481.

Courchesne-Loyer, Alexandre, Carolyn-Mary Lowry, Valérie St-Pierre, Camille Vandenberghe, Mélanie Fortier, Christian-Alexandre Castellano, J. Richard Wagner, and Stephen C. Cunnane. “Emulsification Increases the Acute Ketogenic Effect and Bioavailability of Medium-Chain Triglycerides in HumansProtein, Carbohydrate, and Fat Metabolism.” Current Developments in Nutrition 1, no. 7 (July 1, 2017). https://doi.org/10.3945/cdn.117.000851.

Fischer, Tobias, Ulrike Och, Ira Klawon, Tim Och, Marianne Grüneberg, Manfred Fobker, Ursula Bordewick-Dell, and Thorsten Marquardt. “Effect of a Sodium and Calcium DL-β-Hydroxybutyrate Salt in Healthy Adults.” Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2018 (April 12, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9812806.

Fukao, Toshiyuki, Gary D. Lopaschuk, and Grant A. Mitchell. “Pathways and Control of Ketone Body Metabolism: On the Fringe of Lipid Biochemistry.” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, Metabolic and Health Implications of Moderate Ketosis and the Ket ogenic Diet, 70, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 243–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2003.11.001.

Gibson, A. A., R. V. Seimon, C. M. Y. Lee, J. Ayre, J. Franklin, T. P. Markovic, I. D. Caterson, and A. Sainsbury. “Do Ketogenic Diets Really Suppress Appetite? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 16, no. 1 (January 2015): 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12230.

Harber, Matthew P., Simon Schenk, Ariel L. Barkan, and Jeffrey F. Horowitz. “Alterations in Carbohydrate Metabolism in Response to Short-Term Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction.” American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 289, no. 2 (August 2005): E306–12. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00069.2005.

Musa-Veloso, Kathy, Sergei S. Likhodii, and Stephen C. Cunnane. “Breath Acetone Is a Reliable Indicator of Ketosis in Adults Consuming Ketogenic Meals.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76, no. 1 (July 2002): 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.1.65.

Natalucci, G., S. Riedl, A. Gleiss, T. Zidek, and H. Frisch. “Spontaneous 24-h Ghrelin Secretion Pattern in Fasting Subjects: Maintenance of a Meal-Related Pattern.” European Journal of Endocrinology 152, no. 6 (June 2005): 845–50. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.01919.

Norgren, Jakob, Shireen Sindi, Anna Sandebring-Matton, Ingemar Kåreholt, Ulrika Akenine, Karin Nordin, Staffan Rosenborg, Tiia Ngandu, and Miia Kivipelto. “Capillary Blood Tests May Overestimate Ketosis: Triangulation between Three Different Measures of β-Hydroxybutyrate.” American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 318, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): E184–88. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00454.2019.

Rego Costa, A. C., E. L. Rosado, and M. Soares-Mota. “Influence of the Dietary Intake of Medium Chain Triglycerides on Body Composition, Energy Expenditure and Satiety: A Systematic Review.” Nutricion Hospitalaria 27, no. 1 (February 2012): 103–8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0212-16112012000100011.

St-Pierre, Valérie, Camille Vandenberghe, Carolyne-Mary Lowry, Mélanie Fortier, Christian-Alexandre Castellano, Richard Wagner, and Stephen C. Cunnane. “Plasma Ketone and Medium Chain Fatty Acid Response in Humans Consuming Different Medium Chain Triglycerides During a Metabolic Study Day.” Frontiers in Nutrition 6 (April 16, 2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00046.

Stubbs, Brianna J., Pete J. Cox, Rhys D. Evans, Malgorzata Cyranka, Kieran Clarke, and Heidi de Wet. “A Ketone Ester Drink Lowers Human Ghrelin and Appetite.” Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 26, no. 2 (February 2018): 269–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22051.

Stubbs, Brianna J., Pete J. Cox, Rhys D. Evans, Peter Santer, Jack J. Miller, Olivia K. Faull, Snapper Magor-Elliott, Satoshi Hiyama, Matthew Stirling, and Kieran Clarke. “On the Metabolism of Exogenous Ketones in Humans.” Frontiers in Physiology 8 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00848.

Stubbs, Brianna J., Pete J. Cox, Tom Kirk, Rhys D. Evans, and Kieran Clarke. “Gastrointestinal Effects of Exogenous Ketone Drinks Are Infrequent, Mild and Vary According to Ketone Compound and Dose.” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, April 29, 2019, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0014.

Sumithran, P., L. A. Prendergast, E. Delbridge, K. Purcell, A. Shulkes, A. Kriketos, and J. Proietto. “Ketosis and Appetite-Mediating Nutrients and Hormones after Weight Loss.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, no. 7 (July 2013): 759–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.90.

Tamir, I., D. B. Grant, Audrey S. Fosbrooke, M. M. Segall, and June K. Lloyd. “Effects of a Single Oral Load of Medium-Chain Triglyceride on Serum Lipid and Insulin Levels in Man.” Journal of Lipid Research 9, no. 5 (September 1, 1968): 661–66.

Van Wymelbeke, V., A. Himaya, J. Louis-Sylvestre, and M. Fantino. “Influence of Medium-Chain and Long-Chain Triacylglycerols on the Control of Food Intake in Men.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, no. 2 (August 1998): 226–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.2.226.

Day 4 - Make it a Lifestyle